Chilled water pump

Regardless of the CHW plant location, an overall campus thermal utility master plan can provide the design options for consideration and evaluation of pumping schemes for circulating CHW. There are two common configurations for CHW plant pumping schemes that will work with the selected CHW equipment to deliver the CHW to a building or group of buildings:

1. Primary-secondary (PS)
2. Variable-primary (VP).

In the PS scheme, the primary CHW loop is typically constant volume flow while the secondary loop is variable volume flow. There are still some older systems where the secondary loop is also constant volume. This loop will have three-way valves located at some or all of the building loads to allow for required minimum flow rates. However, these systems are commonly being replaced because the technology and efficiencies of the chillers have increased, as have the energy costs associated with operating the distribution system. The VP scheme, sometimes called direct-primary, can be either a constant or a variable volume flow system. Again, because energy costs are so important, this loop is usually variable flow with variable frequency drives (VFDs) on the primary pumps.
The designer should become aware of the various advantages and disadvantages for either scheme, which include: central plant operators’ familiarity with their different operational modes, different size pump motor requirements, different capital investment requirements for infrastructure, and “low delta T syndrome.
Along with the discussion of pumping schemes, it is important to understand the phenomenon known as low delta T syndrome, and its subsequent impact on chiller plant capacity and energy usage.

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